Believe it or not, all of the cells within a multicellular organism (excluding red blood cells and gametes) contain exactly the same DNA. In which case, why is a heart composed of cardiomyocytes? Or ...

Synonymous codons are used non-randomly in the transcriptome to shape multiple aspects of translation. Optimal codons are associated with more efficient translation and correspond to cognate tRNA ...

We have followed individual ribosomes as they translate single messenger RNA hairpins tethered by the ends to optical tweezers. Here we reveal that translation occurs through successive ...

The answer lies in differential gene expression – the combination of genes that are turned on (expressed) or turned off (repressed) in particular cells – this is what makes each cell unique. Gene ...