Using a flexible and navigable suction ureteral access sheath (FANS) rather than mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for 2-3 cm kidney stones has been controversial.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an efficient, minimally-invasive, gold standard procedure used for removing large kidney stones. Creating an access from the skin on the back to the ...
Since the introduction of shockwave lithotripsy in 1980 for the management of renal stones, minimally invasive therapy for urolithiasis has improved and various new techniques have been introduced. [3 ...
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