The sol-gel process is a widely used method for synthesizing nanoparticles with precise control over size, shape, and composition. This method converts a liquid precursor, or "sol," into a solid gel ...

The sol-gel synthesis process begins with the preparation of a sol, where metal or metalloid precursors are dissolved in a solvent. These precursors undergo hydrolysis and polymerization reactions, ...

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles have a high refractive index (n = 2.4), making them ideal for various applications, including medicines, coatings, inks, plastics, food, cosmetics, and textiles.

Bifunctional acid−base catalysts are highly desirable for industrially relevant chemical processes. Owing to their ability to activate electrophiles and nucleophiles simultaneously, they allow the ...